Informatics Publishing Limited

Vipul Thakur ¹, Mahesh Kumar ¹, R. L. Rathish ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar-263 145, Uttarakhand, IN

Abstract

Aim: This study was conducted to know the status of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) antibodies in the bovines of the selected area of Uttarakhand.

Materials and Methods: A total of 489 serum samples, 392 of cattle and 97 of buffaloes were randomly collected from the unvaccinated bovine population of five districts viz., Dehradun, Haridwar, Nainital, Pithoragarh, and Udham Singh Nagar and were tested by avidin biotin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for BHV-1 antibodies.

Results: The overall prevalence was observed to be 29.03%. At district level, the highest prevalence was recorded in Pithoragarh district (40.00%) while it was lowest in district Udham Singh Nagar (16.00%). The prevalence of BHV-1 antibodies was found to be higher in unorganized dairy units (31.02%) compared to organized farms (26.51%) in Uttarakhand. Buffaloes were found to have greater prevalence (38.14%) than cattle (26.78%) while on sex-wise basis; it was found that more females (30.08%) were harboring antibodies to the virus than males (16.21%).

Conclusion: The study revealed that the population in the area under study has been exposed to BHV-1 and hence prevention and control strategies must be implemented.

Keywords

Avidin Biotin Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Bovine Herpesvirus-1, Seroprevalence.

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Affiliations
1 KeralaBirder, Ambadi, Kunnathurmedu, Palakkad 678 013, India, IN
2 College of Climate Change and Environmental Science, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur 680 656, India; Department of Wildlife Science, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur 680 656, India, IN
3 College of Climate Change and Environmental Science, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur 680 656, India, IN
4 Cochin Natural History Society, Revathi Bhavan, Edathala P. O., Aluva 683 561, India; Kottayam Nature Society, Sri Nilayam, Near Union Club, Kottayam 686 001, India, IN
5 Cochin Natural History Society, Revathi Bhavan, Edathala P. O., Aluva 683 561, India, IN
6 Malappuram Birders, Tirur, Malappuram 676 101, India, IN
7 Pathanamthitta Birders, Pathanamthitta 689 645, India, IN
8 Kottayam Nature Society, Sri Nilayam, Near Union Club, Kottayam 686 001, India, IN
9 Malabar Natural History Society, Susheela Mandir, B.G. Road, Nadakkavu P.O., Kozhikode, 673 011, India, IN
10 WWF-India, CO Madhavan Road, Ayyankali Nagar, Kunnukuzhy, Thiruvananthapuram 695 035, India, IN
11 Kollam Birding Battalion, Kollam 691 010, India, IN
12 Kasaragod Birders, Kasaragod 671 121, India, IN
13 Malabar Natural History Society, Susheela Mandir, B.G. Road, Nadakkavu P.O., Kozhikode, 673 011, India; Calicut Birders Club, Bellevue Dental Muthappan Complex, Patteri, Kozhikode 673 016, India, IN
14 Natural History Society of Palakkad, Palakkad 678 001, India, IN
15 Kole Birders Collective, Thrissur 680 555, India, IN
16 Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Wayanad 673 576, India, IN
17 Malabar Awareness and Rescue Centre For Wildlife, Chettipedika, Kannur 670 004, India, IN
18 Department of Wildlife Science, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur 680 656, India, IN
19 Birders Ezhupunna, Puthiyaparambil (H), Ezhupunna South P. O, Cherthala. Alappuzha 688 537, India, IN
20 Young Birders Club, Palakkad 678 001, India, IN
21 Hume Centre for Ecology and Wildlife Biology, 4th Cross Rd, Subhash Nagar, Kalpetta, Wayanad 673 121, India, IN
22 Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, ‘Amritha’, 12th Main, Vijayanagar 1st Stage, Mysuru 570 002, India, IN
23 Kollam Birding Battalion, Kollam 691 010, India; Department of Wildlife Science, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur 680 656, India, IN
24 WWF-India, CO Madhavan Road, Ayyankali Nagar, Kunnukuzhy, Thiruvananthapuram 695 035, India; Department of Wildlife Science, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur 680 656, India, IN
25 Natural History Society of Palakkad, Palakkad 678 001, India; Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatty (Post), Coimbatore 641 108, India, IN
26 Sálim Ali Nature Forum, Coimbatore 641 108, India, IN
27 Western Ghats Hornbill Foundation, Extension Centre, MES Asmabi College, P. Vemballur, Thrissur 680 691, India, IN
28 Sálim Ali Nature Forum, Coimbatore 641 108, India; Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatty (Post), Coimbatore 641 108, India, IN
29 Natural History Society of Palakkad, Palakkad 678 001, India; Department of Wildlife Science, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur 680 656, India, IN
30 Cochin Natural History Society, Revathi Bhavan, Edathala P. O., Aluva 683 561, India; Malappuram Birders, Tirur, Malappuram 676 101, India, IN
31 Pathanamthitta Birders, Pathanamthitta 689 645, India; Kottayam Nature Society, Sri Nilayam, Near Union Club, Kottayam 686 001, India, IN
32 WWF-India, CO Madhavan Road, Ayyankali Nagar, Kunnukuzhy, Thiruvananthapuram 695 035, India; Kole Birders Collective, Thrissur 680 555, India, IN

Abstract

Citizen-science driven exercises (e.g. bird surveys) and online platforms (e.g. eBird) provide voluminous data on bird occurrence. However, the semi-structured nature of their data collection makes it difficult to compare bird distribution across space and time. Bird atlases are based on standardized surveys and des­cribe the distribution of bird species over a predefined region and have fewer biases, and thus are better suited for use in research. The recently concluded Kerala Bird Atlas (henceforth KBA) is Asia’s largest bird atlas in terms of geographical extent, sampling effort and species coverage. The entire state of Kerala was systematically surveyed twice a year during 2015–20 and over 0.3 million records of 380 species from 25,000 checklists were aggregated. The dataset was filtered and various metrics were estimated. A total of 915 cells were laid out for systematic surveys, of which 888 were surveyed in either or both the seasons – dry season (January–March) and wet season (July–September); 27 cells could not be surveyed in either of the seasons due to logistical constraints. However, this variation in sampling effort had a minimal effect on survey completeness. The slope of the species accumulation curve suggested near-complete species sampling in over 70% of the cells. After eliminating nocturnal and pelagic species, data from 361 species were analysed. Species count was higher in the dry season than in the wet season. Species richness (count) and evenness were higher in the northern and central districts than in the southern districts. High elevation regions of the southern Western Ghats were the largest contiguous areas lacking sufficient sampling. We found that most of the endemics were concentrated in the Western Ghats, but threatened species were as likely to occur along the coasts as in the Ghats. The KBA dataset is a valuable resource for testing various ecological hypotheses and suggesting science-backed conservation measures. KBA model could be replicated for similar atlases in other states or biogeographic regions of India

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